TNF and ulcerative colitis: In an ulcerative colitis model, CPT reduced the proportion of CD4IL-17ATh17 cells in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes, suppressed IL-17A levels in colonic tissues, and inhibited TGF-β/IL-6-driven Th17 cell differentiation, thereby decreasing proinflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-17A and TNF-α) [52].