TNF and chronic kidney disease: Priming signals in chronic kidney disease (CKD), including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), activate the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways, leading to transcriptional upregulation of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and pro-IL-1β.