TLR4 and inflammation: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as LPS, as well as Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) including High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), can all activate NF-κB by acting on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), leading to liver inflammation [41].