Both in vitro and in vivo, Lu et al. observed increased reactive oxygen species, decreased antioxidant enzymes like Superoxide Dismutase 1 and Sirtuin 1, and higher levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which together interfered with the insulin pathway and led to insulin resistance [43]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Insulin resistance.