In a logistic regression model, the mRNA expression of MUC4 in cyst fluid, assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), showed a strong association with malignant IPMN in samples with a confirmed postsurgical diagnosis of IPMN from institutional databases and repositories [113]. This evidence concerns the gene MUC4 and pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm.