All other evaluated categorical variables, including insulin use, proton pump inhibitors, systemic corticosteroids, acetylsalicylic acid, oral antidiabetic agents, alcohol consumption (Potus), opioid analgesics, β-blockers, calcium antagonists, diuretics, diabetes mellitus, current smoking status, and female sex, did not reach statistical significance (p ≥ 0.05), indicating no measurable association with AKD in this cohort. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.