TERT and neoplasm: In summary, these mutations reshape spinal cord tumor biology by disrupting the hallmarks of cancer: (1) proliferation and cell cycle deregulation (MYCN, TP53), (2) epigenetic reprogramming and stemness (H3 K27M, HOXB13), (3) constitutive growth signaling (BRAF V600E), (4) replicative immortality (TERT promoter).