TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In the presence of MASLD (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease) or type 2 diabetes, immune cells in PLWH display phenotypic features consistent with advanced senescence: CD8+CD28−CD57+ T cells, inefficient glycolytic polarization, hyperproduction of IFN-γ and TNF-α, and impaired ability to generate functional memory [187].