Analysis of clinical data from 317 HNSCC patients in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database revealed that high expression of MDR1 and MRP1 genes was associated with cisplatin resistance and poor survival [71], indicating that drug efflux pumps play a significant role in cisplatin resistance in HNSCC patients and markedly reduce survival rates. This evidence concerns the gene ABCB1 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.