TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: For example, prospective studies have shown that the level of cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-18, IL-21, IL-35, and IL-37) was significantly higher in T1D subjects [110], and it was maintained for 5 years, followed by a further decrease of these pro-inflammatory mediators [111].