When cancer cells die, they release high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) into the TME, which activates the innate immune system by interacting with several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2, TLR4) and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and cancer.