INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In this study, we aimed to stratify patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) from the Volga-Ural region of Eurasia into distinct clusters based on clinical parameters, taking into account varying disease durations and treatment regimens, and to investigate the associations between these clinical clusters and genetic variants in genes related to neurotransmission, appetite and energy regulation, vasopressin signaling, insulin signaling and metabolism, non-coding RNA and epigenetic regulation, β-cell function and insulin secretion, mitochondrial function, and glucocorticoid signaling [9,10].