Considering kinases not in the Cancer Gene census and for which sufficient variants are seen in COSMIC (black triangles in Fig. 3B), the predicted fraction of activating/deactivating variants argues that CSNK2A1, PRKCB and TGFBR1 are more likely to be tumour suppressors and PAK5, MAP2K3, EPHA3 and EPHA7 oncogenes. Here, PAK5 is linked to cancer.