In other CANVAS analyses, canagliflozin modestly lowered growth differentiation factor-15, but this did not explain its protective effects on CV, HF, and kidney outcomes8; in CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation) trial, canagliflozin slowed growth differentiation factor-15 increases over time but also attenuated levels of NT-proBNP, hs-cTnT, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7.9 This evidence concerns the gene GDF15 and diabetes mellitus.