CASP-9 and nNOS levels were elevated in PTSD ≤ 5 y (23.8 ng/mL, IQR 20.8–26.5; 62.3 ng/mL, IQR 46.6–82.1) compared to PTSD > 5 y (6.8 ng/mL, IQR 3.7–16.6; 19.1 ng/mL, IQR 9.5–35.7) and controls (2.7 ng/mL, IQR 1.8–3.3; 5.7 ng/mL, IQR 4.8–7.1), revealing greater apoptotic and oxidative stress in recent PTSD (Figure 1B and Figure 1C, respectively); pairwise adjusted p-values were <0.001 for all comparisons. The gene discussed is NOS1; the disease is post-traumatic stress disorder.