TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Adipocytes in individuals with obesity exhibit increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which facilitate the recruitment of macrophages and other immune cells that further enhance inflammatory signaling via the activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) [4,5].