PLOD1 and polycystic ovary syndrome: Table 2 summarizes the individual study results for sex hormones. The included studies showed different perspectives in the effects of IF on sex hormones in women with PCOS, which may be attributed to variations in fasting protocols, duration, and hormonal assessment methods. Zangeneh et al. [20] stated that there are no significant changes in FSH, LH, or testosterone after Ramadan fasting, whereas Li et al. [13] and Feyzioglu et al. [18] reported significant improvements in hyperandrogenaemia markers—specifically reductions in TT and FAI and increases in SHBG—following TRF interventions.