Consistent with these studies, we found that the elevated levels of TNF-α, iNOS, and nNOS post-PVD were attenuated by perampanel treatment, suggesting that blocking AMPARs with perampanel attenuates the release of pro-inflammatory mediators from M1-phenotype microglia or activated astrocytes in cerebral ischemia [100]. The gene discussed is NOS1; the disease is brain ischemia.