AKT1 and malignant colon neoplasm: Studies have shown that AD-1 has excellent drug metabolism performance [49], and also has anti-fibrotic [20], and anti-tumor properties [19], including anti-lung cancer [22], anti-gastric cancer [50], anti-colon cancer [21], anti-ovarian cancer [33,49], etc. Previous studies have demonstrated that AD-1, as well as other ginsenoside derivatives, can inhibit the PI3K/Akt pathway, thereby suppressing abnormal cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis in various disease models including cancer.