ARTN and breast carcinoma: Wu et al. (2013) found in an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study on 159 breast cancer patients that GFRα1 (GDNF family receptor alpha-1) and GFRα3 (GDNF family receptor alpha-3) (which, like SDC3, bind Artemin/ARTN) were better predictors of breast cancer progression than SDC3 [45].