For instance, in solid tumors, the stromal expression of DKK3 has been associated with increased cancer aggressiveness through its modulation of the protumorigenic effects of CAFs.[17] More specifically, in pancreatic cancer, DKK3 derived from PSCs has been shown to promote tumor growth, dissemination, and chemoresistance.[19] Our findings suggest that DKK3 exerts a complex dual role, functioning as a tumor suppressor in normal epithelial acinar cells while enhancing the tumorigenic potential of transformed cancer cells (Figure 7). Here, DKK3 is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.