The antisense drug ATL1102 to integrin CD49d works in the autoimmune disease MS patients to reduce inflammatory brain lesions, and in a phase 2a trial in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) patients modulates plasma molecules involved in reducing TGF-β1 activity (Limmroth et al., 2014; Woodcock et al., 2024). Here, ITGA4 is linked to autoimmune disease.