Likewise, vascular Markers assessed in 12-month pilot study with AD patients treated with intranasal insulin showed that intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, basic fibroblast growth factor or vascular endothelial growth factor, among others, were differently correlated with other AD markers (Aβ or tau), when compared with the control group [398]. Here, INS is linked to Alzheimer disease.