In one small trial involving AD or MCI patients treated with 20 IU of intranasal insulin, fasting plasma Aβ40 levels and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio increased compared to placebo, while postprandial analysis showed no changes in Aβ40, reduced Aβ42 levels, and increased Aβ40/42 ratio in the insulin-treated groups [312]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Alzheimer disease.