Detailed characterization of pulmonary NEC, pulmonary carcinoid, pancreatic NEN, ileal NEN, and MiNEN was performed using immunohistochemical staining to detect pan-cytokeratin (panCK), Thyreoglobulin (TG), Calcitonin (CT) and the transcription factors CDX2, SATB2, TTF1, GATA3, ARX and PDX1 (Supplementary Data 1). Here, PDX1 is linked to pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm.