Indeed, prior to our work, only one study has demonstrated that HMGA1 can be actively secreted by triple-negative breast cancer cells, where it promotes metastasis through receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-mediated activation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) signaling, enhancing cancer cell migration and invasion [36]. Here, HMGA1 is linked to triple-negative breast carcinoma.