To determine whether the effect of SBE on improving Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus induced salpingitis in laying hens is associated with NF-κB signaling pathways, the expression of NF-κB, IκBα and AKT mRNAs and proteins in fallopian tube tissues was examined (Fig. 4). This evidence concerns the gene NFKBIA and salpingitis.