For example, pro-inflammatory factors (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), etc.)(92–95), inflammatory mediators (e.g., prostaglandins (PGE2), nuclear kappa factor B (NF-κB), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), etc.)(96, 97), and oxidative stress-associated molecules (e.g., ROS, RNS, and MDA, etc.)are upregulated after stroke (98, 99). Here, TNF is linked to Stroke.