β-adrenergic antagonists diminish catecholamine-induced BDNF up-regulation and enhance CD8+ T-cell infiltration, making them logical, low-toxicity partners for neurotrophin-axis inhibitors or for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies once target engagement has curtailed tumour-intrinsic growth signals (18, 29). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.