Since TNFα and IFNγ can be produced by both cytolytic and non-cytolytic CD8+ T cells including effector and memory cells (36, 38, 53), these data provide rationale for targeting tumor-resident non-effector CD8+ T cells to induce local production of CTL attractants and enhance intratumoral entry of more effective CTLs during adoptive cell therapy (ACT) or other forms of cancer therapy. Here, TNF is linked to cancer.