TNF and neoplasm: Since TNFα and IFNγ can be produced by both cytolytic and non-cytolytic CD8+ T cells including effector and memory cells (36, 38, 53), these data provide rationale for targeting tumor-resident non-effector CD8+ T cells to induce local production of CTL attractants and enhance intratumoral entry of more effective CTLs during adoptive cell therapy (ACT) or other forms of cancer therapy.