TGFB1 and neoplasm: further elucidated the underlying mechanism, indicating that osthole can block the M2 polarization process by inhibiting the p-STAT6 and p-ERK1/2-C/EBPβ signaling axis, which significantly reduces the expression of M2 markers, such as MRC1, CCL22, and TGF-β, thereby interfering with the formation of tumor-promoting macrophages (63).