CDEs have also been found to deliver miRNAs to macrophages in an intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma study, such as miR-183-5p, which polarizes macrophages into the PD-L1 + phenotype, which similarly to PD-L1+ B cells, inhibits the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells promoting an immunosuppressive environment (46, 57). Here, CD274 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.