Current and completed early-phase studies investigate a variety of therapeutic approaches, such as mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes loaded with KRAS^G12D siRNA for treating metastatic pancreatic cancer (NCT03608631; 163), plant-derived exosomes used to transport curcumin for colon cancer therapy (NCT01294072; 164), exosomes sourced from autologous ascites combined with GM-CSF for colorectal cancer (165), and dendritic cell-derived exosomes evaluated as a maintenance immunotherapy following initial chemotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer (166). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is colorectal cancer.