CD8A and cancer: Figure 4 illustrates the mechanisms by which IDEs exert therapeutic effects. IDEs, secreted by immune cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells, deliver pro-apoptotic miRNAs, antitumor drugs, and therapeutic proteins to cancer cells, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting proliferation, and triggering cytotoxicity with minimal systemic toxicity (88).