ICIs, including anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (anti-CTLA-4) and anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptors/programmed cell death-Ligand-1 (PD-L1) antibodies, are used to enhance anti-tumor immunity by blocking immune checkpoint proteins and are used in the treatment of many types of tumors, which has significantly prolonged advanced tumor patients’ survival and fundamentally changed the existing treatment paradigm for tumor patients (1, 2). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.