P4HB and breast cancer: For instance, elevated levels of reducedthiol groups on breast cancer cells have been shown to adhere moreeffectively to the endothelium, thereby promoting metastasis. Similarly, PDI upregulation has been linkedto increased proliferation and drug resistance in various cancers.−,  Notably, pharmacological intervention of PDI has been shown to preventmetastasis and improve survival in preclinical cancer models,, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting the reducedtumor cell surface.