TNF and COVID-19: In a mouse model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and sepsis, blocking tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) prevents cell death and reduces the development of cytokine storm (Karki and Kanneganti, 2021).