DN is typically defined by the presence of chronic kidney disease in a person with diabetes, characterized by persistently elevated levels of albumin in the urine (albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g) and/or reduced kidney function (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) for at least 3 months (Hoogeveen, 2022). Here, ALB is linked to liver dysplastic nodule.