PPBP and diabetic kidney disease: Notably, ROS levels were measured only in two studies (Zhang et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019), while NO levels were assessed only in the study by Zhang et al. Various inflammatory markers, e.g., tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 7 (CXCL7), were analyzed in all studies except for Burger et al. Morphological and structural alterations in different renal cell types serve as significant indicators of diabetic nephropathy (Cao et al., 2022); such changes were investigated in three studies (Zhang et al., 2018; Huang et al., 2023; Zhong et al., 2018).