GAL and hepatocellular carcinoma: GAL has documented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and anticancer activities and shows promise in liver conditions including drug-induced injury, NAFLD, alcoholic liver disease, hepatic fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (Zhang et al., 2020; Duan et al., 2024; Wang et al., 2013; Aladaileh et al., 2019).