L. plantarum strains (e.g., L15, ELF051) have been shown to suppress NF-κB activation through downregulation of the TLR4/MyD88 axis, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in murine models of colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (Liang et al., 2023; Yu et al., 2020). Here, TLR4 is linked to colitis.