In addition, the most commonly used cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of neurotrauma, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein, tau protein, and S-100β, are not indicative of the presence of endothelial dysfunction.10,11 Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of different types of neurotrauma on the local milieu of biomarkers related to endothelial dysfunction. Here, GFAP is linked to endothelial dysfunction.