CCL2 and hereditary elliptocytosis: Inflammatory markers known to activate microglia, such as C–C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL5, C–X–C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), and secondary messengers, including nitric oxide (NO), are also increased in postmortem human brain tissue in HE patients [15] and cultured rat microglia [16].