One recent study heavily investigated this mitochondrial dysfunction and the impact of glutamate metabolism during HE found that human astrocytoma cultures with downregulated or inhibited the delta 2 glutamate receptor (GLUD2) (mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase) or glutamate dehydrogenase 2 (GDH2) with supplemented glutamine or glutamate aided in rescuing mitochondrial respiration [41]. The gene discussed is GLUD2; the disease is astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).