INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Homeostatic model assessment for IR is the index used to identify IR or insulin sensitivity in T2DM, derived by evaluating the relationship between FBS and Fasting insulin.[45,46] The current study demonstrated an increase in HOMA-IR in the IR group compared to the control group; this notable increase in IR results from elevated glucose and insulin levels caused by a malfunction in the insulin signaling system.