INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Despite advancements in current therapeutic modalities, including lifestyle interventions, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin replacement therapy, challenges persist in achieving optimal glycemic control, controlling drug side effects, and addressing complications in specific patient cohorts.[6] Thus, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying T2DM, enhancing personalized treatment strategies, and identifying novel therapeutic targets are essential in metabolic disease research efforts.