In addition, a cell model was constructed by inducing lung fibroblasts with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) to investigate the effects of XFC-containing serum on oxidative stress and pulmonary fibrosis through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)/3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2) pathway.<h4>Results</h4>LC-MS analysis identified a total of 867 compounds in XFC, of which 25 unique compounds were closely associated with pulmonary fibrosis and lung injury. Here, HMGCS2 is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.