EGFR has also been shown to be required for tumorigenesis in a K-Ras(G12D) pancreatic cancer model, and ablation of EGFR leads to ∼2-fold reduction of downstream levels of Ras-GTP and phosphorylated ERK (herein referring to ERK1 and ERK2, also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1, respectively) (Ardito et al., 2012). This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.