CALML3 and cancer: Further evidence supporting keratinocytic differentiation in epiMCC cells is the expression of calmodulin-like protein genes CALML3 and CALML5, in contrast to cMCC cells, particularly those in the perivascular niche, which predominantly express CALM2. CALML3 and CALML5 play essential roles in maintaining epithelial functions and integrity, whereas CALM2 has been implicated in promoting aggressive cancer phenotypes, including invasion, metastasis and immune evasion (ref. [46]).