CALML5 and cancer: CALML3 primarily regulates calcium homeostasis and protects against oxidative stress-induced damage, CALML5 acts as a tumor suppressor by promoting cell adhesion and preventing excessive motility, while CALM2 modulates key cancer-related pathways such as PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK, and JAK/STAT, promoting cell survival and proliferation (refs. [46, 47]).