Meanwhile, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10)/interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10)—a chemoattractant in Th1 responses, shows elevated levels in NPDR/diabetic macular oedema (DMO) aqueous humor alongside, while interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) levels are decreased, suggesting immune dysregulation—though the accuracy of these findings requires further validation [16]. Here, CXCL10 is linked to non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.