Moreover, PS‐MPs have been shown to elevate pro‐inflammatory cytokines (e.g., Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α, TNF‐α; Interleukin‐6, IL‐6; Interleukin‐1β, IL‐1β) and activate inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF‐κB, thereby aggravating liver inflammation and potentially accelerating NAFLD progression.[10, 11, 12] Although MPs encompass a wide range of materials, including PS, polyethylene, polypropylene, and PET, most toxicological studies have focused on PS because of its availability and ease of use. Here, TNF is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.