MT-RNR1 and periodontitis: Consistent with previous transcriptomic studies, our analysis identified significant upregulation (log2FC>3.0) of immunoglobulin-encoding genes in periodontitis, reflecting the characteristic inflammatory and adaptive immune responses associated with chronic periodontitis.13,14 Notably, mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs)—specifically MOTS-c and a humanin isoform encoded by MT-RNR1 and MT-RNR2L12, respectively—were among the top 20 upregulated genes.