INS and diabetes mellitus: MOTS-c regulates insulin sensitivity, diabetes,15 and endothelial function16 while also inhibiting osteoclastogenesis via osteocyte RANKL/OPG secretion and suppressing inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB and STAT1 pathways.17 Humanin-like proteins modulate inflammation, autophagy, cellular metabolism, and oxidative stress, exerting cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic effects in inflammatory diseases.18 The influence of these peptides on periodontitis needs further investigation.