KRAS and neoplasm: Therapeutic mRNA payloadsfor lung cancer now cover a wide range,but they all aim to deliver proteins that mark tumor cells for immuneattack, reprogram the tumor microenvironment, or correct harmful cancer-relatedpathways (Figure ).Over the past five years, the clinical portfolio has broadened fromproof-of-concept vaccines to dose-escalation studies that test mRNAencoding cytokines, Kirsten rat sarcoma oncogene (KRAS) mutant andneoantigen constructs, bispecific “antibody factories,”tumor-suppressors, and even lung-tropic CRISPR systems.