Conversely, co-stimulation of LPS-activated peritoneal macrophages with AD and NA promoted an M2-like phenotype, as indicated by increased expression of arginase-1, IL-10 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), while reducing pro-inflammatory mediators including IL-12p40, TNF, CCL3 and chemokines C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL)1 and CXCL2 [95]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and Alzheimer disease.