ELANE and infection: Endothelial responses (44) to infection/inflammation trigger neutrophil activation (45, 46), with subsequent release of neutrophil elastase (NE), MMPs, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-6, IL-1B, TNF), and increased ROS production (47, 48), all of which can remodel the scaffolding of the developing alveoli (49, 50).