Preterm infants exposed to placental hypoperfusion and those who went on to develop BPD-associated pulmonary hypertension (BPD-PH) at 36 weeks PMA had decreased cord blood placental growth factor, GM-CSF, and VEGF-A, linking abnormal placentation and ongoing vascular dysfunction to the vascular endotype of BPD (67). This evidence concerns the gene PGF and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.